Brucellosis Disease Evaluating the Education - 11000 Words

Brucellosis Disease Evaluating the Education (Thesis Sample) Content: BRUCELLOSIS DISEASE: EVALUATING THE EDUCATION AND AWARENESS LEVEL AMONG ANIMAL FARMERS IN THE CITY OF MECCA, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA.STUDENT NAME[NAME OF INSTRUCTOR][UNIVERSITY]THE THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE DUBLIN IN PART FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF AGRICULTURESEPTEMBER 2015AcknowledgementsI express my gratitude to the following for their support in assisting me complete this research my supervisor, colleagues and parents.Table of Content TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u Acknowledgements PAGEREF _Toc430845133 \h iiTable of Contents PAGEREF _Toc430845134 \h iiiList of Figures PAGEREF _Toc430845135 \h ivList of Tables PAGEREF _Toc430845136 \h vAbstract PAGEREF _Toc430845137 \h viiiBackground PAGEREF _Toc430845139 \h 11.2 Problem Statement PAGEREF _Toc430845140 \h 21.3 Research Questions PAGEREF _Toc430845141 \h 31.4 Research Objectives PAGEREF _Toc430845142 \h 31.5 Significance of the Study PAGEREF _Toc430845143 \h 41.6 The Study Are a PAGEREF _Toc430845144 \h 41.7 Limitations of the Study PAGEREF _Toc430845145 \h 5Methods PAGEREF _Toc430845146 \h 6Justification for survey design PAGEREF _Toc430845147 \h 6Data collection and collation PAGEREF _Toc430845148 \h 7Data analysis PAGEREF _Toc430845149 \h 7The analysis of peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s knowledge on the brucellosis disease in farmersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ animals PAGEREF _Toc430845150 \h 8The research assumptions PAGEREF _Toc430845151 \h 8Identified research philosophy PAGEREF _Toc430845152 \h 8The sociological data PAGEREF _Toc430845153 \h 9The research questions and the interviews PAGEREF _Toc430845154 \h 9Ethical considerations of the research PAGEREF _Toc430845155 \h 10: Results PAGEREF _Toc430845156 \h 10General research Observations PAGEREF _Toc430845157 \h 103.1Awareness Levels PAGEREF _Toc430845166 \h 143.2Risk Knowledge PAGEREF _Toc430845182 \h 243.3Prevention PAGEREF _Toc430845184 \h 254.0 Discussion PAGEREF _Toc430845186 \h 284.1Suggestion for further research PAGE REF _Toc430845187 \h 304.2Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc430845188 \h 30References PAGEREF _Toc430845189 \h 31Appendices PAGEREF _Toc430845190 \h 34Appendix A: Participant Consent Letter PAGEREF _Toc430845191 \h 34Appendix B: Risk Knowledge among the respondents PAGEREF _Toc430845192 \h 39List of FiguresTOC \h \z \c "Figure" Figure 1 Gender Results PAGEREF _Toc430837215 \h 11Figure 2 Age results PAGEREF _Toc430837216 \h 12Figure 3 Educational level results PAGEREF _Toc430837217 \h 13Figure 4 Number of Years in Farming results PAGEREF _Toc430837218 \h 14Figure 5 Results of the question: Are you Aware of Brucellosis? PAGEREF _Toc430837219 \h 15Figure 6. Results of the question: Are you Familiar with the Disease Brucellosis? PAGEREF _Toc430837220 \h 16Figure 7 Results of the question: Do you know the common signs and symptoms that are related with the Brucellosis disease? PAGEREF _Toc430837221 \h 17Figure 8 Results of the question: Have any of your animals suffered from this disease? PAGEREF _ Toc430837222 \h 18Figure 9 Results of the question: Do you think that there are ways which farmers can use to prevent animals from getting this disease? PAGEREF _Toc430837223 \h 19Figure 11 Results of the question: Have you ever carried out any vaccination process on your animals? PAGEREF _Toc430837224 \h 21Figure 12 Results of the question: After the vaccination, how do you dispose of some of the instruments that you used in the vaccination process? PAGEREF _Toc430837225 \h 23List of TablesTOC \o "1-3" \h \z \uTable 1 Gender results PAGEREF _Toc430845092 \h 10Table 2 Age Results PAGEREF _Toc430845094 \h 11Table 3 Educational level results PAGEREF _Toc430845096 \h 12Table 4 Number of Years in Farming results PAGEREF _Toc430845098 \h 13Table 5 Results of the question: Are you Aware of Brucellosis? PAGEREF _Toc430845101 \h 14Table 6.Results of the question: Are you Familiar with the Disease Brucellosis? PAGEREF _Toc430845103 \h 15Table 7 Results of the question: Do you know the common signs and symptoms that are related with the Brucellosis disease? PAGEREF _Toc430845105 \h 16Table 8 Results of the question: Have any of your animals suffered from this disease? PAGEREF _Toc430845107 \h 18Table 9 Results of the question: Do you think that there are ways which farmers can use to prevent animals from getting this disease? PAGEREF _Toc430845109 \h 19Table 10 Results of the question: Did you ever involve the service of a professional for example a Vet? PAGEREF _Toc430845111 \h 20Table 11 Results of the question: Have you ever carried out any vaccination process on your animals? PAGEREF _Toc430845112 \h 20Table 12 Results of the question: After the vaccination, how do you dispose of some of the instruments that you used in the vaccination process? PAGEREF _Toc430845114 \h 22Table 13 Table investigating the Risk Knowledge among the respondents PAGEREF _Toc430845117 \h 24Table 14 Table investigating the Prevention Measures among the respondents PAGEREF _Toc430845119 \h 2 5AbstractImproving farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s knowledge among livestock keeping farmers was found to have positive impact on the reduction of most of zoonotic infections. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the education and awareness level of brucellosis disease among animal farmers in the city of Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study objectives were to assess the perception of the farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s knowledge of the disease for instance knowledge on the vaccine, usage and storage. Secondly, the study sought to examine the awareness level especially the dangers the disease cause to humans. Finally, the study sought to know whether the animal farmers are taking the right preventive measures to minimize the spread of the disease as required. The study subject was farmers who lived in the City of Mecca where every year close to 10millionto15million animals are slaughtered during the religious festivals (pilgrimage) in the city. The research design was descriptive survey methodology that was considered ideal due ton its ability to get enough information from a large area. This study used the mixed method of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Besides, semi- structured interviewed was used to collect data from the Ministry of Agriculture to get more information on annual reports and vaccines. The study found out that despite the study population reported having attained some levels of education only 30.1% knew the vulnerability the animals infected could cause to their human lives. This discrepancy on high level of education and knowledge gap in awareness levels by farmers could be attributed mix- match of trainings, and the possibility of some farmers had lied on their education levels. Besides, the farmers also reported that there was less government intervention in supporting them fight against the disease. Farmerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s risks behaviors like selling unpasteurized milk, eating animals infected by the disease and avoiding not seeking for consult ations among veterinarians in the areas were cited to be among the high-risk behavior factors.BackgroundBrucellosis is a zoonotic infection that mainly persists in areas where the disease control and preventive mechanism among animal farmers are low and ineffective. This disease was first discovered in Hippocratesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ time however, the organism causing the disease was later isolated in 1887 by David Bruce, who by then was a British Army physician (Garcia del Pozo Solera, 2012). The disease results in reproductive failure in livestock and febrile diseases in humanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s beings, therefore, making it one of the diseases that easily raises a public health concern. In its initial beginnings, Brucella was classified into six groupings; Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, Brucella neotomae, Brucella abortus and Brucella suis. Consequently, researchers over the past years developed additional four species as the discovery spans to marine mammals, infected human breast, and ro dents (Bonfoh et al. 2012). One of the most significant characteristics of Brucella was its ability to penetrate up to the endothelial reticulum thereby infecting the macrophages. The disease acts like facultative intracellular parasites and affects humans beings through contamination of dairy products, abrasions in the skin surfaces, consumption of contaminated meat, conjunctiva inoculation and inhalation of infectious aerosols. Generally, the most common clinical symptoms of brucella range from weaknesses, fever, sweating, weight loss, lethargy, decreased appetite, and psychological symptoms. Cattle and other domestic animals may show various signs ranging from abortions, swollen udders, swollen testicles, nervousness, and fever (Karcaaltincaba, Sencan Kandemir, 2010).Researchers have established that Brucellosis often spread through contact with infected materials especially placenta of infected animals (Al-Shamahy, Whitty Wright2000). Additionally, human beings can get brucello sis through direct contact with discharges from infected animals as well as drinking raw milk from the infected animals. In animals, the disease can spread through drinking water, and licking discharge from infected livestock. However, brucellosis is preventable and only requires some literacy levels among animalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s farmers to be able to contain the disease. Studies on preventive mechanism of brucellosis have cited practicing strict biosecurity by all farmers especially when handling aborted fetuses, early testing, vaccination and isolating affected animals (quarantine). Radwan et al (1983) held that the first step in controlling brucellosis is accurate diagnosis of the disease and acting shiftily with remedial measures to curb its spread. Scientists have developed several tests for brucellosis diagnosis such as serological tests such...

Liquid Nitrogen Activities and Projects

Are you looking for an activity or project with liquid nitrogen? This is the most extensive list of liquid nitrogen ideas youre likely to find: Make liquid nitrogen ice cream.Make Dippin Dots type of ice cream.Fill a whistling-style teapot with liquid nitrogen. The liquid will boil, even if you set the tea kettle in a freezer.Make little hovercrafts by freezing small pieces of chalk in liquid nitrogen. Remove the chalk and set it on a hardwood or linoleum floor.Pour some liquid nitrogen into a pot of boiling water to make instant fog. Of course, you can get a much bigger effect if you add liquid nitrogen to a fountain or pool.Place an inflated balloon in the nitrogen. It will deflate. Remove the balloon from the liquid nitrogen and watch it re-inflate as it thaws out. An air-filled balloon will deflate and inflate, but if you use a helium balloon you can watch the balloon rise as the gas warms and expands.Add a few drops of liquid nitrogen to a drink you want to cool. Examples include wine or soda. Youll get a cool fog effect, plus a cool drink.For a party or group, freeze graham crackers in liquid nitrogen. Wave the cracker around to warm it up a bit and eat the cracker. The cracker has an interesting texture, plus people eating crackers will be spouting clouds of nitrogen vapor. Miniature marshmallows also work quite well. The risk of injury from either food is quite low.Freeze a banana in liquid nitrogen. You can use it to hammer a nail.As a demonstration that even antifreeze freezes if its cold enough, solidify antifreeze using liquid nitrogen. Dip a carnation, rose, daisy, or other flower in liquid nitrogen. Remove the flower and shatter its petals in your hand.Use a squirt bottle of water to spray designs into liquid nitrogen vapor.Spin a tub of liquid nitrogen to create a vapor vortex. You can float paper boats or other lightweight objects in the maelstrom.Pour a cup of liquid nitrogen into about a liter of warmed bubble solution to produce a mountain of bubbles.Pour a small amount of liquid nitrogen into a Pringles can and pop the lid on. The vapor will (loudly and forcefully) pop the lid off.B reak an incandescent light bulb (type with a filament). Turn it on in the liquid nitrogen. Cool glow!Bounce a lightweight hollow ball on a hard surface. Immerse the ball in liquid nitrogen and try to bounce it. The ball will shatter rather than bounce.Pour liquid nitrogen onto weeds to kill them. The plant will die with no toxic residue or other harm to the soil.Examine the color change of LEDs under normal temperatures and in liquid nitrogen. The band gap of the LED increases at lower temperature. Cadmium red or cadmium orange—bandgap of Cd(S,Se)—are good choices.Foods high in water will break with a tinkling sound like glass when smashed. Orange segments are a good choice for this project.Insert flexible rubber or plastic tubing into a dewar of liquid nitrogen. The nitrogen will spray out the end of the tubing onto you or the audience, etc. so use care that you have protection on the hand holding the tubing and that there is enough distance at the top of the tubing f or the nitrogen to vaporize before contacting with people. Although the tubing is flexible at room temperature, at liquid nitrogen temperature it becomes brittle and will shatter if hit with a hammer or whacked on a lab bench. If you twist the tubing around itself before putting it in the nitrogen, the tubing will uncoil itself as it thaws, in a sort of serpentine manner.

Frida Is A 2002 Film By Julie Taymor - 1139 Words

Frida is a 2002 film by Julie Taymor that mirrors the life of esteemed artist Frida Kahlo. The first scene of the movie serves only to foreshadow the last scene of the movie, depicting Kahlo lying on bed, being loaded onto the back of a truck. The movie then flashes to the Kahlo’s younger days in 1922 when she was around fifteen years of age. She is shown in a school where she gathers friends to watch Diego Riviera work, this yet again portrays an important facet of Kahlo’s future. We then learn of Kahlo’s relationship with a boy named Alex, a both Physical and emotional relationship. A following scene shows Frida admiring the photos of a photographer who is shortly revealed to be her father. In true fashion Frida is then seen observing a mural on the walls of the school. Alex comes to get her before the two miss the bus, shortly after the film shows Alex and Frida catching up to a bus and jumping on. When the bus they are on passes another the two busses collid e and the bus holding Kahlo is propelled into the side of a stone building, breaking a multitude of her bones, and leaving her in a sleep state for three weeks. The doctors inform Frida and her family that she will most likely not walk again and it is a miracle she survived. When Kahlo is released from the hospital we get the first glimpse of Frida creating her own art, and see her heart being broken when Alex informs her he is leaving. Kahlo then begins to fill her cast with paintings of butterflies. When she isShow MoreRelatedFrida Film Analysis Essay1148 Words   |  5 PagesFrida and the Role of Women During the 1930’s and 1940’s, women of the world held virtually one role and one role only†¦homemaker. This was no different for the women of Mexico, except for one woman in particular, Frida Kahlo. Frida refused to accept the current ideals of society and the accepted social norms by engaging in things that few women in history ever had. Frida was involved in politics, she was promiscuous with men and women, she painted pictures of herself in ways that had never beenRead MoreFilm Analysis : Frida Kahlo1181 Words   |  5 Pages I don’t usually watch bright, colorful movies but I definitely would make an exception for Frida. The colors and the score used in the film always heightened a scene’s mood, whether it be joy or despair. The film utilized bright colors so often that their absence had a profound effect when Kalho dealt with loneliness and heartbreak. I’ve always thought Frida Kahlo as an extremely interesting person. In the movie, s he was interesting in her defiance of gender norms and zeal for life. She never letRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Film Frida, By Julie Taymor963 Words   |  4 PagesDirector, Julie Taymor, released the film Frida on October 25th, 2002. The film is a true story of Frida Kahlo and her husband Diego Rivera, who have been and still are Mexico’s most acclaimed artists. The film was portrayed like Kahlo’s paintings, with vibrant colors that showed her creativity and pride for her Mexican background. Not only did the film contain a deep resonance of dark pain that represented the pain in Kahlo’s life, but also the recognition and acknowledgement of Kahlo’s strugglesRead MoreFrida, By Julie Taymor762 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Frida† the movie was released in 2002 and directed by Julie Taymor. The cast included Salma Hayek as (Frida), Alfred Molina as (Diego Rivera), Ashley Judd, Antonio Banderas, Edward Norton, Mia Maestro, and Geoffrey Rush. The film is a biography of the life of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. She is a woman who came from a very simple background. Kahlo rose to fame as an artist with an unique vision for her craft. She endured a difficult relationship with her husband/mentor Diego Rivera. Many of herRead MoreThe Inspiration of Frida Kahlo Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge. Later another artist emerged with the same ability, Frida Kahlo. She used her life as her canvas; allowed people to view the world from behind the surrealistic doors. In addition, she was able to present self-portraits in many forms, all influenced by a tragic bus accident which led to a broken spine that affected her whole life. Described mostly in the film Frida directed by Julie Taymor, and the bo ok Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo written by Hayden Herrera, Kahlo’s portraits made viewersRead MoreThe Invisible Woman: Female Directors in Hollywood2710 Words   |  11 PagesFilm scholar Louis Gianetti says, â€Å"In the field of cinema, the achievement of the Women’s Movement [of the 1960’s] has been considerable, though most present-day feminists would insist that there is still much to be accomplished in the battle against patriarchal values† (428). Gianetti’s words are an understatement. Women in Hollywood are underrated, underrepresented, and generally shoved into the background of the film industry. However, with film becoming one of the most pervasive and influential

My Personal Taste With The Battle Of The Titans - 2550 Words

Max Eunice Aliso Viejo Middle School English Acc Summer HW 1. The twelve Olympians gained power of the universe by going to war with the titans, the Olympians overthrew the titans and won the war, expelling the titans to the underworld. The victors then proceeded to settle into mount Olympus. 2. My personal taste aligns most with Aphrodite, the goddess of love. The reason being is that I love the life that I have, every last bit of it; however, it wasn t always that way. In sixth grade, I was figuring out who I am, and who I love, my life wasn t what I wanted it to be. My so called â€Å"friends† all of a sudden vanished, and I was alone. By myself. So I forgot about them, your not a real human if you can t accept someone for who they are. Flash forward to today, I have fabulous friends, and while there will always be haters, I have a support system, and have made support systems for kids going through exactly what I was going through. 3. The reason for the cruelty that the gods demonstrated are because they are selfish, self-centered, and only think for themselves, like a dysfunctional family. The myth of Prometheus has multiple examples, for example, the gods torturing Prometheus for stealing the fire that was given to the humans to get them off their back. The gods’ actions are certainly unjustified because of their values. The myth makers perceived powerful people as dictators who abuse their power, so they created the gods to be mean and unjust. 4. One of my favoriteShow MoreRelatedComparitive Study and Sales Promotional Stategies of Titan5644 Words   |  23 Pageslong dominated by public sector organizations like Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd. 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Native Americans During Westward Expansion Essay - 1592 Words

During westward expansion, the Native Americans got kicked to the side. The settlers coming west often saw the Indians as a threat to them and their families. However, this was not the main reason the Indians were pushed aside. The settlers saw the Indians had fertile land and wanted it for themselves. The Indians were the opposite of what the settlers thought they were. The Indians often helped the people moving west across the plains; giving them food, supplies, and acting as guides. However, the U.S. Government did not see this side of the Indians, instead they forced the Indians onto reservations. During the time of the expansion of the United States to the present, the Native Americans went through many things so that the United States could expand; they were pushed onto reservations, and forced to give up their culture through the Ideas of Manifest Destiny and Social Darwinism. Despite that, the United States government told the Indians that they would not invade their lands. T hey soon heard that the Indians had fertile land and decided to allow settlers to move west. â€Å"After hearing tales of fertile land and a great mineral wealth in the West, the government soon broke their promises established in the Treaty of Fort Laramie by allowing thousands of non-Indians to flood into the area.†. (Victoriana) To make more land available to the settlers the government had to make reservations that would separate the Indians from the whites. In exchange for the Indians moving toShow MoreRelated Native American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion607 Words   |  3 PagesNative American Boarding Schools During the Westward Expansion People know about the conflict between the Indians cultures and the settlers cultures during the westward expansion. Many people know the fierce battles and melees between the Indians and the settlers that were born from this cultural conflict. 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Kim Sung Kim Jong Free Essays

From an early date Korean political culture is characterised by isolationism and a strong desire to maintain the country’s independence (â€Å"Kim Il Sung†, para 2). Relationship with its neighbouring countries are poor and with the countries in the West, are almost equal to zero. Even with such relationships, Korea has been unable to stop the encroachment   of its neighbours. We will write a custom essay sample on Kim Sung Kim Jong or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was made the Japenese protectorate in 1905 and later the number of   Japenese immigrants in Korea have risen so much that the Koreans have become second-class citizens within their own land. Kim Il Sung Kim Il Sung’s real name was Kim Song Ju. He was born in Pyongyang on 15th April, 1912. At the age of   17 he was jailed for being a part of   a student political group led by the South Manchurian Communist Youth Association. After his release from jail he joined the Anti-Japanese United Army. He emerged as a significant leader in this time period and later changed his name to Kim Il Song, in honor of his uncle who participated in nation-wide protests against the Japenese in 1919. Kim Il Sung as a leader After the Second World War the Korean peninsula was divided into two parts, North and South. North Korea was sponsored by Russia while the South was aided by USA. Kim Il Sung was selected to take charge of the formation of a provisional government for the North. Under his leadership the Korean Workers Party was inaugurated. A number of reforms were introduced to the North, including an eight-hour working day, equality of the sexes, and suppression of religion. Land and wealth formerly belonging to the Japanese or to enemies of the regime was confiscated and redistributed, industry was nationalised, and Soviet-style economic planning was initiated (â€Å"Kim Il Sung†, para 12) His opponents within the party were purged to secure his absolute rule. Kim led the military committee, coordinating action against the South Koreans in 1950. With carefully prepared plans and without any warning to the South Koreans, his army swarmed into the South. The war continued for three years and during these three years about three million people lost their lives. Between 600,000 and one million North Koreans needlessly starved to death due to the economic legacy of Kim’s regime. Kim claimed to have won that war but no peace treaty was ever signed. Kim Il Sung, through land reclamation, gave priority to increased agricultural production. He emphasised on trade, developed the country’s infrastructure, and encouraged people to rely on domestically produced equipment. He discouraged them to even think about foreign aid and taught them that self reliance should be the key goal to everyone’s success. From 1972 onwards, North Korea became poorer because it could not afford to buy advance technology from the West and its industrial production declined. A personality cult had glorified Kim, but by the mid-1990s the rapid economic growth of North Korea’s early years had given way first to stagnation and then to hardship, and there was widespread dissatisfaction with the repressive regime (Scalapino Lee p.175) When he died in 1994, the country lost its venerated founding leader. Just a few years earlier, its powerful alliances had evaporated with the fall of the Soviet bloc and China’s move toward a market-based system. The economy was on the rocks and energy and food were in short supply. A series of weather disasters, combined with an inefficient state-run agricultural system, further eroded the food supply, leading to mass starvation (â€Å"Dear Leader or Demon†, para 12) Kim Jong Il Kim Il Sung’s successor, Kim Jong Il, was born on 16th June, 1942. Growing up in a time when anti Japanese revolutionary struggle was at its peak, Kim Jong Il cultivated uncommon characteristics and qualities through his experiences of his real life and practical activities. During his training period under his father’s tutelage in the 1970s, he was often referred to as the â€Å"Party Center,† and he launched a number of campaigns to take over the daily operations of the Party. When he came to power on the death of his father in 1997, Kim Jong-Il ruthlessly set about establishing his own authority. His government is said to be extremely secretive and brutal to dissidents. Kim’s disastrous agricultural and economic policies have caused his people to suffer under one of the world’s longest, deadliest famines. On the domestic front, Kim has given occasional signs that he favors economic reforms similar to those carried out in China by Deng Xiaoping. But at home he has done little or nothing to relax the absolute control of the state and party over all aspects of economic life. He has certainly given no sign of considering the de- collectivization of agriculture, which was the foundation of Deng’s reforms (Chong-Il p. 84). With the sort of image Kim Jong Il carries around with him many analysts thought that the communist regime would finally come to an end in North Korea, but it is almost a decade since he has been in power and still ruling over North Korea and extending his father’s philosophy of Juche. Kim Il Sung’s style of ruling his country according to Stalinism was submerged into his Juche philosophy and later it subordinated into a more militant theme of Kim Jong Il’s Red Banner Policy. Kim Jong Il has been accused of being involved in two bombings; one in Rangoon in 1983 and another in 1987, which killed all passengers in a South Korean airplane.   No evidence directly links Kim Jong Il to the bombings, however, and some analysts believe his father was still firmly in control of international activities throughout the 1980s, while giving his son more power over domestic affairs. He spends more than 25% of his country’s annual GNP on the military while most of the citizens go hungry. Jong Il has also proved himself to be a movie lover and has directed a couple of movies himself and written six operas, while his scientists make nuclear war heads. Kim Il Sung as a Communist In the words of Morelly, the author of the influential treatise Le Code de la Nature, published in 1755: †The only vice which I know in the universe is avarice; all the others, whatever name one gives them, are merely forms, degrees of it. . . . Analyze vanity, conceit, pride, ambition, deceitfulness, hypocrisy, villainy; break down the majority of our sophisticated virtues themselves, [they] all dissolve in this subtle and pernicious element, the desire to possess.† Such economically determined psychology lies at the root of every socialist and communist doctrine (Pipes 2001). Kim Il Sung was one man who was obsessed with gaining power over not only his own people but he went to extremes and even created his own religion so that the people should start worshipping him. When workers of the Korean Workers Party tried to over throw Kim in 1953, the eleven conspirators, who failed in their coup, were not only executed but their properties were confiscated as well. He purged his opponents in all possible ways in order to ensure that he stays in power. Kim Il Sung’s personality was a true speciman of a communist. Russia had an influence over the political system of North Korea right from the onset. Kim Il Sung was highly impressed by the communist rule in Russia and he developed a Marxist-Leninist political ideology that emphasises the need for autonomy and patriotic self-reliance. Called ‘Juche’, or ‘Kim Il Sung Thought’, the ideology demanded total loyalty to the paramount leader and the â€Å"religion of Kim Il Sungism†, and stressed on the benefits of sacrifice, austerity, discipline, dedication, unity, and patriotism. It has been   described as â€Å"encyclopedic thought which provides a complete answer to any question that arises in the struggle for national liberation and class emancipation, in the building of socialism and communism.† The practical effect of Juche was to seal the DPRK off from virtually all foreign trade (â€Å"Kim Il Sung†, para 38). Kim Il Sung’s personality cult was similar to that of   Stalin. In that he was accused of tampering history, tyranny and injustice and self glorification. Kim’s zeal for communsim is evedient from the fact that the North Korean media, which is owned and controlled by the state, promoted Kim’s image as an infallible genius and the driving force behind the resistance to the Japanese and the liberation of the North. Kim had more than 34,000 monuments of himself erected throughout the country. Practice of any other religion except the worship of Kim Il Sung   was outlawed. The official calender started from his birthday and that day was an official holiday too. Kim Il Sung was so obssessed with his ideals that he started to believe in himself in a godly manner. The painters and artists of the country were instucted to paint only his personality in a pompous manner and project it to the rest of the country. All this was believed, by   Kim Il Sung, as not a forceful extension of his one-man show personality to the masses but he had actually started to live in a pseudo-shell of belief   that the citizens of his country actually adored him. In my point of view the personality of Kim Il Sung was a fragment and extension of Stalin. This is supported by the fact that he not only tried to follow him in the way he ruled North Korea but he also sought his help and looked up to him in various matters of   state. In the Korean War of   1950-1953, while South Korea was supported by USA, North Korea was aided by USSR primarily because it was a communist country. Kim Jong Il has proved himself to be a true replica of his father. He has not only ensured the continuity of his father’s policies and reforms but he has also gone to the extent of further subjugating the agrigarian community by spending more on his military might. He has promoted his father’s personality cult by making it a compulsion for each citizen to visit Kim Il Sung’s moseleum atleast once each year and also by paying tribute to the Senior Kim by wearing lapel badges and all those who dare to offend are sent to concentration camps within the country. Kim Il Sung has become so much part of   a North Korean’s daily life that to reject Kim is more like rejecting his own self. Conclusion With 1% of the citizens in concentration camps and 25% of GNP being utilized to further the ruler’s military prowess, North Korea is definitely not in pursuit of a prosperous future. While the exiguity of the basic facilties of life and the over all plight of the nation is being blamed on the West in general and the US in particular, nobody dares to question the extravagent life of the dictators of North Korea. North Korea is going through its worst era right now; with its predominent support/donor, in the shape of USSR, disintegrated and with the West pressing hard on it on the contentious issue of its nuclear programme. References Clark, Carol. (2001). Kim Jong Il, â€Å"Dear Leader or Demon?† Retrieved 13 May 2006 Chong-Il, Kim. (1986). Life and literature. Pyongyang, Korea: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Harris, Bruce. (2004). â€Å"Kim Il Sung†. Retrieved 12 May 2006 Pipes, Richard. (2001). Communism: A History. Random House Publishing Group. R. A. Scalapino and C. S. Lee. (1992). Communism in Korea. Seoul: Ilchokak. How to cite Kim Sung Kim Jong, Essay examples

Corporation Law Valid Contract Agreement

Question: Describe about the Corporation Law for Valid Contract Agreement. Answer: Solution 1 Consideration Issues Whether Richard has a right in law to sue his father and claim his weekly allowance of $200. Applicable law The issue which is aroused amid Richard and his father can be resolved by understanding the elements of contract, more precisely, the application of intention to create legal relationship and capacity of the parties to the contract. A contract is an agreement which is supported by consideration, intention to create legal intentions and capacity of the party to the contract. Once a contract is made then it is enforceable by the parties to the contract. (The Law Handbook 2016) To make a valid contract there must be presence of an agreement which is the combination of an offer and an acceptance. An offer is the communication of the offeror intention to an offeree with a hope that the offeree will confirm to the terms which are communicated to him (Payne v Cave (1789). When an offeree approves an offer without any changes then such an approval is called an acceptance which results in a binding agreement between the parties Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). (The law Teacher 2016) However, when an offeror and an offer exchange their mutual promises then it is very necessary that such promises must be supported by legal intention. In contract law, every exchange of an offer and acceptance must be made by the parties to abide by the same legally. If the partys does not wish to be bound by such agreement legally then such agreements are not contract irrespective of the fact that all contractual elements are present (Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). (Clark 2010) In contract law, the general presumption that prevails in regard to intention to create legal relationship principle is that when the parties are in domestic relationship then they do not intent to abide by the contract legally, however, when the parties are in commercial relationship, then the parties intent to abide by the contract legally. In the leading case of Balfour v Balfour (1919) the court held that since the parties are in family relationship thus there is no intention to create legal relationship. (Clark 2010) However, this general presumption is not always true and if evidence can be laid down to the contrary then there can be establishment of valid contract. For instance, if it can be proved that parties in domestic relationship intend to abide by the contract legally then there is valid contract between them. Likewise, if it can be proved that the parties in commercial relationship do not intent to abide by the contract legally then there cannot be any contract between the parties. For instance, in the leading case of Ermogenous v Greek OrthodoxCommunityof SA Inc (2002) the court held that presumptions can be rebutted if evidence can be laid down for the same. (Clark 2010) Thus, presence of legal intention is very important to make a binding contract. Also, another element which is very necessary in order to make a valid contract is that the parties to the contract must be capable to make a valid contract. The offeror and offeree are considered to be able to make a valid contract provided they are not of unsound mind and they have attained the age of majority, that is, they are above 18 years of age. If a contract is made with a party who is not attained 18 years and is thus a minor, then , such contracts has no legal value in the eyes of law and the can be availed by a minor. However, there are two instances when a contract with a minor has legal sanctity in the eyes of law. The same are: When a contract is made with minor for his employment, then, such contracts are valid (De Francesco v Barnum(1890). When a contract is made with the minor for his necessity then such kinds of contracts are also valid (Peters v Fleming(1840) Lastly, the agreement must always be supported by a valid consideration. A consideration is a value which is exchanged amid the parties to support the promises. A consideration need not be absoluter but must be sufficient in order to be valid (Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954). (Moles Sangha 1998) Thus, compliance of all the elements will make a contract valid and binding upon the parties. Application of law After understanding all the relevant principles of law, the same is now applied to the facts of the case. As per the fact, father of the Richard has asked Richard to mow the front yard and backyard of the family property and keep it tidy in exchange of a weekly allowance of $ 200. It is submitted that an offer was made by the father of Richard which was duly accepted by him for a valuable consideration of $200. However, considering Richard as minor, it is important to analyze whether the contract is valid. It is submitted that Richard was impoverished and it is presumed that he is minor. In such scenario, a contract with minor for his necessity is valid and is binding upon the parties. Considering the law in De Francesco v Barnum(1890) Peters v Fleming(1840), it is submitted that the contract amid Richard and his father is valid on the ground of capacity. Also, it is important to analyze whether the contract is valid provided the parties are in domestic relation. By applying the law in Ermogenous v Greek OrthodoxCommunityof SA Inc (2002), it is submitted that though both the parties are in family relationship, that is, they hold a father-son relationship, but the circumstances of the case depict that they intent to abide by their contract legally. Thus, there is an intention to create legal relationship. Thus, all contractual elements are present in the given case. Conclusion It is thus submitted that all the elements of a valid contract are present and the parties intent to abide by the contract legally, thus, there is a valid contract that is established amid the parties. Solution 2 Non-compete Clause Issues The main issue that is present in the given factual scenario is Can Frre Bros sue Joe for non-compliance of the contractual terms amid the parties and if Yes, then what are the remedies that can be availed by Frre Bros against Joe. Applicable law The raised issue can only be evaluated by understating the legal implication of non-compete clauses in a valid contract. A valid contract is made when all the elements of a contract are present, such as, agreement (offer and acceptance), consideration, legal intention of the parties and capacity of the parties to the contract. When a valid contract is made then both the offeror and the offeree has an obligation to comply with the terms and conditions which are mentioned in a contract. (The Law Handbook 2016) Generally, in employment contracts, an employer tries to protect his confidentiality and good will by incorporating a non-compete clause in the contract. A non-compete clause is a clause which aims at restricting an employee to deal in similar kind of business activities at some other region or for a limited time period. An employee cannot undertake n the employers business activities to such an extent which is made part of the contract and to which he has agreed to. The basic reason for the incorporation of non-compete clauses are: (Hopgood Ganim 2016) To maintain the confidentiality and secrecy of the employers business. Generally, when an employee is working with an employer then he is aware of some of the confidential information of such business. In order to protect such confidentiality which he might lose if the employee will start working somewhere else, for instance, with the competitor of the employer, an employer may rely on a non-compete clause and restrict the employee to provide such confidential information to someone else (AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012). An employer may incorporate the clause in order to protect the good will of the business. Normally, it is believed by an employer that of the employee states similar business to which an employer is engaged in, the employee may hamper the good will of the business. In order to protect such good will of the business, the incorporation of non-compete clue is valid. If the incorporation of the non-compete clause is necessary for the legitimate interest of the business then such clauses are absolutely valid in law and must be availed by an employer. However, non-compete clauses are only valid when; They are in favor of the public policy. If the non-compete clauses are framed in such a manner so that they are not in favor of the public policy then the clause has no legal sanctity in law (Spencer v Marchington (1988). Such clauses must be incorporated for some limited time periods and not for an infinite time frame. Generally a restriction of up to two years is considered to be valid in nature. A restriction beyond two years is not valid unless the employer proves that the restriction is very necessary for the legitimate interest of his business. In the leading case of Smith v Nomad Modular Building Pty Ltd (2007) it was held by court that generally the non-restrain clause is up to 3 years and a restrain above three years is invalid unless and until there are specific reasons to justify the same. (Mayor 2016) If the employer is not able to comply with the non-compete clause that is imposed upon him, then the employer is liable to sue such an employee and various remedies can be attained by him. Such as: (Mayor 2016) Damages, Injunction Application of law After understating the law that is applicable in the given situation, the same is applied to the facts of the case. As per the facts, a contract was established amid Joe and Frre Bros. the contract was made amid them for five years according to which Joe will provide his services to Frre Bros exclusively and he is restricted to act in any film which is of some other company. Thus, Joe is an employee of Frre Bros for five years and a non-compete clause was imposed upon him for five years. However, the clause was volatile by Joe in the very first year when he entered into a contract to star in a film being made by Pretty Pictures. It is submitted that the non-compete clause is valid amid Joe and Frre Bros provided the clause is not against the public policy and is for a limited time frame. As per the law laid down in Smith v Nomad Modular Building Pty Ltd (2007) a limitation of above two years is generally held to be against the policy of the public and is not valid clause. Thus, considering the same the law could be held invalid. But, the clause will be binding upon the parties if Frre Bros can establish that the clause is required for the legitimate interest of the company and to maintain the good will of the company. However, if the clause is held to be valid, then Frre Bros can sue Joe and can claim remedies from him in the form of injunction and damages. Conclusion It is submitted that Frre Bros can sue Joe if it is proved that the non-compete clause of five years is valid and is in the legitimate interest of Frre Bros. Otherwise, the clause is invalid as the restriction was for a long period of time. Reference List Brooks A (2001) The Limits Of Competition: Restraint Of Trade In The Context Of Employment Contracts(online). Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/UNSWLawJl/2001/27.html#fnB9. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. Brown M (2016) non-compete clause https://www.mayerbrown.com/files/uploads/Documents%5CGuide%20to%20Restrictive%20Covenants/MB_rest_cov_asia.pdf. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. Clark J (2010) Intention to create legal relations (online). Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-intention.html. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. Hopgood Ganim (2016) Non-compete Clause (online). Available at: https://www.hopgoodganim.com.au/page/Publications/Industrial_and_Employment_Law_Alert_Recent_court_case_provides_clues_to_successfully_enforcing_non-compete_restraint_obligations_-_31_Aug_2012/. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. Moles Sangha (1998) consideration (online). Available at: https://netk.net.au/Contract/04Consideration.asp. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. The law HandBook (2016) Elements of contract (online). Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. The Law Teacher (2016) cases on formation of contract offer (online). Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/cases/contract-law/agreement-cases.php. [Viewed on 11th September 2016]. Case law) Air Great Lakes Pty Ltd v KS Easter (Holdings) Pty Ltd (1989). AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody (2012). Australian Woollen Mills v The Commonwealth (1954) Balfour v Balfour (1919) Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). De Francesco v Barnum(1890). Ermogenous v Greek OrthodoxCommunityof SA Inc (2002) Payne v Cave (1789). Smith v Nomad Modular Building Pty Ltd (2007). Peters v Fleming(1840) Spencer v Marchington (1988).