The Challenges of Creating and Implementing Crime Policy...

Introduction Social policies are constructed to guide society. These policies are influenced by the collective morals and values of the people living in a society. Social policies in Canada are founded on the best interest of Canadians. Most importantly, social policies address issues by creating and implementing the appropriate solutions. Politicians have the prime role in creating policies and ensuring that these policies provide an answer to key issues in society. However, along the way these policymakers face many challenges and difficulties in forming and implementing the appropriate social policies. This thought paper is going to research and evaluate the challenges of creating and implementing crime policy. Furthermore, it will†¦show more content†¦Academic criminologists view irrational or repetitive criminal acts by individuals as underlying social problems that cannot be solved with harsher prison sentences, but rather by proper correctional intervention programs (Garland Sparks, 2000). Thus, to create effective crime policies the necessary criminological expertise, and comprehension from academic criminologist is needed when policymakers are forming and implementing crime policies. Academic criminologist will shift the focus from increasing the prisons sentences of offenders to implementing academic criminological solutions for crime policies. This collaboration will establish inclusive and knowledgeable crime policies by using academic theories that address deterrence and recidivism. Approaches should be made to strengthen the relationship between criminologist and the political crime policymakers. The barrier between criminology and social policy should be broken, and the integration of criminological knowledge should be applied to policies. An experienced criminologist should be the head of the commission of inquiry for preexisting crime policies and make the necessary recommendations based on academic research. A partnership between the Canadian correctional agency and academic criminologist should be established and there needs to be more funding for correctional interventionShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Within The World1313 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as human rights are dated back to violent history. Nazi Germany arguably sparked an interest in human rights as their â€Å"good triumphed through the acts of a selfless few or out of the depths of evil†. Human rights refer to the laws, acts and policies initiated in order to protect vulnerable, oppressed people in the world and allow them to possibly thrive in this world. 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Winnunga Nitmmityjah Aboriginal Health Service- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWinnunga Nitmmityjah Aboriginal Health Service. Answer: Introduction Aboriginal health means the physical, cultural and social welfare of the whole community in which every person can achieve their full potential (Alford, 2014). The aboriginal population has been dramatically affected by poverty and drug use which resulted in the need for medical assistance in these Aboriginal Australian communities. According to Jongen (2014), the Aboriginal Health Service (AHS) controls health services at a primary level but also offers different programs that promote the right healthy lifestyle. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander MCH programs provide services that decrease pre-term births and improve infant birth weights. Winnunga development offering responsive and the required services which adapt to the essential needs of the local community (Jongen, 2014). History The late Olive Brown, a local Aboriginal, set up a temporary medical service in Canberra due to the widespread mobilization of people around the opening of the new Parliament House. It proved to be the birth of Winnunga Nimmityjah AHS in 1988. According to Alford (2014), Justin Mohamed associated with the Victorian Aboriginal communities before being elected as the head of the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation (NACCHO). In January 1990, Wayne Berry (minister), raised funds and in 1991, the clinic was opened officially at the Griffin Center as a 24-hour medical practice center. Winnunga Nimmityjah AHS has established a couple of centers and is currently at 63 Boolimba Cresent Narrabundah. Vision and Mission According to Fowlie (2015), the mission and vison of the healthcare service is to ensure further provision of smoking cessation services and provide on-going tobacco support services for women who are pregnant and young children. Furthermore, it provides health services that are culturally safe for the indigenous peoples and the surrounding areas. Winnunga's mission is to ensure the social and cultural needs of the indigenous people and surrounding region are given priority in a safe cultural environment (Hellsten, 2012). Services and Operations Winnunga Nummityjah AHS offers various programs and services on a daily basis to people between 80 to 120 and approximately 4000 clients per year (Hellsten, 2012). According to Lovett (2014), the services provided include nursing services which comprise a team of nurses who can manage various fields such as chronic disease, mental health and drug and alcohol. The nurses have an essential role in the treatment of chronic illness and mental health care plan (Lovett, 2014). Another services provided is by assisting families that have faced injustice issues, for instance, by getting community correction admission for the indigenous people (Bartels, 2010). Psychotherapy and cognitive therapies help the development of mental health care plans; therefore clients can have access to such services at the center. Moreover, they provide, womens health services which provide health screening for women which may include prenatal advice and family planning (Hellsten, 2012). The team also offers various services that benefit expectant mothers during the pregnancy period and after delivery of the baby. Moreover, the midwifery team provides prior, post-maternal care for expectant mothers and home care support for the community. In addition to that, the group of nurses works with ACT hospitals which assists in giving health care services between the hospital and Winnunga. Winnunga Nimmityjah AHS also controls some social health care programs and services which employ female and male counseling and support staff. Other services offered may include counseling and advocacy. According to Hellsten (2012), the social health team also takes part in community service aimed at promoting pride in Aboriginal culture. Winnunga also provides to health promotion services which include a diabetes clinic, an obstetrics and gynecology clinic, dermatology, physiotherapy, audiology and prison service. Membership Winnungas membership group consists of 81% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients and 19% of non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander clients. The healthcare service gives priority to men, women, couples, and children (Davy, 2016). Contacts and Location More inquiries can be made through contacting; Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service 63 Boolimba Cresent Narrabundah ACT 2603 Telephone (02) 6284 6222 or fax us on (02) 6284 6200 Free call 1800 110 290 0r 1800 120 859 The link to the Winnunga Nimmityjah Location map: Winnungas working hours are; Monday to Friday from 9.00 in the morning to 5.00 in the evening. The organization also offers after-hour services, and a client can inquire for more information by contacting number is 1300 422 567. Issues and Challenges Funding issues are not uncommon in the Aboriginal Health Service organizations. In Winnunga, there is an acute accommodation crisis, for instance, some of the midwives have to share the same room since the number of rooms is limited compared to the number of midwives in the facility. There is also a similar situation when the nurses have to share the same place due to the limited number of rooms compared to the workforce present in the healthcare center. Other challenges include out of control rates of imprisonment leading to a problem of reintegration on release from prison for the indigenous people in Canberra. (Guthrie, 2014)).Another issue faced by the organization is the large numbers of children in care which increases its expenses. Ms. Tongs also stated that the increasing use of ice has led to relying on the police at least once a fortnight to help with a client. Impressions From my experience interacting with the Aboriginal community in Canberra, I have gotten the impression that this specific organization can relate with their clients, the majority being the indigenous clients on a more personal and context relevant level for instance, culturally. One of the released men also states that he appreciates the organization for giving him holistic care during his incarceration period and helped in the planning of his release. According to Churchill (2015), there was good midwifery care since there was cultural and community connection between the different women who had unique backgrounds. It has enabled them to have access to good health care during pregnancy, delivery and in reproductive needs. Conclusion Through the services that are being offered by Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service as highlighted in this report, we can identify how the organization fulfills its mission and vision of providing culturally safe healthcare services for the indigenous people and surrounding areas. This healthcare service provider can provide this services through international integration and government funding which gradually continues to fulfill its duties to the community. Furthermore, the healthcare center offers proper care for women who need maternal care and ensuring that they are in a culturally safe environment. References Alford, K. (2014). Economic value of aboriginal community controlled health services.Canberra: National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation Press Club. Bartels, L. (2010). Research in Practice: Diversion programs for Indigenous women Churchill, M. E. (2015).Defining and Evaluating Cultural Safety at Seventh Generation Midwives Toronto: Exploring Urban Indigenous Womens Perspectives on Culturally Safe Maternity Care(Doctoral dissertation). Davy, C., Harfield, S., McArthur, A., Munn, Z., Brown, A. (2016). Access to primary health care services for Indigenous peoples: A framework synthesis.International journal for equity in health,15(1), 163. Guthrie, J., Levy, M., Fforde, C. (2014). Investment in prisons: an investment in social exclusion? Linking the theories of justice reinvestment and social inclusion to examine Australias propensity to incarcerate.Griffith Journal of Law Human Dignity,1(2). Hellsten, D., Hakiaha, H. (2012). Indigenous mental health in Australia and New Zealand.Psychiatric and mental health nursing, 109-121. Jongen, C., McCalman, J., Bainbridge, R., Tsey, K. (2014). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander maternal and child health and wellbeing: a systematic search of programs and services in Australian primary health care settings.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 251. Lovett, R., Dance, P., Guthrie, J., Brown, R., Tongs, J. (2014). Walan Girri: developing a culturally mediated case management model for problematic alcohol use among urban Indigenous people.Australian Health Review,38(4), 440-446. Fowlie, C., Van der Sterren, A. (2015). Reducing smoking in the ACT among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who are pregnant or who have young children. Winnunga Nimmityjah Aboriginal Health Service: Planning and Delivering Services to Address Entrenched Disadvantages in the Aboriginal Community. Retrieved from: https://www.winnunga.org.au/uploads/docs/WNAHS_2017-18_ACT_Budget_Submission.pdf

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Essay Example

The role of conscience in moral decision-making Paper Conscience can be defined as something within each of us that tells us what is right and what is wrong. In Latin ’Con’ means with and ’science’ means knowledge. Therefore we should surely use our conscience when we are making decisions as we should be being told what is the right thing to do and what is wrong. This however doesn’t always seem to be the case. The problem with using your conscience is that it is not consistent. We can see this when claims have been made after someone made the wrong choice. For example at the time he was Prime minister Tony Blair took the choice to go to war with Iraq. It is widely regarded as being the wrong choice to have made and Tony Blair said in response that he was following his conscience. There are religious and secular (non-religious) views on the conscience. The religious views have been developed from biblical teaching and the divine command theory. However there is more than one interpretation about the conscience. Thomas Aquinas for example believed that people should follow their conscience totally as long as your principles are right because it is the voice of reason. On the other hand Butler argued the conscience comes form intuition. Thomas Aquinas thought that synderesis is the means of distinguishing between right and wrong. Synderesis was first used by Aristotle and is the ability of the mind to understand the first principles of moral reasoning. He noticed that people do chose the wrong choice and said that this was ‘conscientia’ which is the actual ethical judgement or decision a person makes. Aquinas said that it is important to apply your moral principles to each situation but you can still be wrong if you follow your conscience because your principles can be wrong so your conscience will be too. We will write a custom essay sample on The role of conscience in moral decision-making specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The role of conscience in moral decision-making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The role of conscience in moral decision-making specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Conscience is reasoning used correctly to find out what God sees is good. Joseph Butler similarly to Aquinas believed that conscience could determine and judge the rightness or wrongness of different actions or thoughts. However Butler saw the conscience as being more authoritative that â€Å"magisterially exerts itself. † in such a way that it had the last say when it comes to moral decision making. Butler described a hierarchy of human nature in which the desire for food and other animal instincts are at the bottom and the conscience at the top. Self love and benevolence was above the drives and the ability to reflect was above that. Mistakes made by conscience were not seen as particularly bad to Butler as he believed that we would intuitively know what the right action to take is. However convincing yourself that a wrong action is right is more evil than the action which results from it. John Henry Newman also took Conscience from a view point and took an intuitionists approach to conscience. This meant that the mind is able to percieve abstract concepts of truths normally thought to beyond empirical evidence. He believed that we when we followed our conscience we were following some kind of divine law like a messenger from God. He believed that he could prove this when â€Å"we feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies there is One to whom we are responsible. Newman also believed that the more relativist (atheist) a person is the less of a conscience they will have as they do not follow a God (an absolute unchanging moral authority). He therefore saw that our conscience will continuously change in different circumstances not making it a reliable source to make a decision on. Augustine too believed that we should take it seriously and listen to our conscience because we are hearing the word of God. Therefore Newman, Augustine and Butler take a much less rationalist view upon conscience compared to Aquinas but as all four believe that God is involved with our Conscience it is important to use it when making moral-decisions, especially if we believe in God. Due to there being Secular views on the conscience the debate over nurture or nature has risen. This is questioning whether we get our morals and our conscience before we are born or whether we develop morality as we get older. With this argument there is also the belief that we have both. For example a Secularist could hold that we are born with our natural instincts that encourage us to do good because it will encourage our survival. This would be a Darwinian approach. The same person could then argue that we also develop our morals during life that allow us to fit into society and the rules and regulations that surround it. A religious person could say the same except that we would have been given a conscience before we were born by God. Sigmund Freud was a psychiatrist that took a secular view on the conscience. He studied the human mind and its effects on the body. He also saw that human personality like Butler could be put into a hierarchy. Both Freud and Butler put drives such as sexual drives at the bottom of the triangle. However Freud then put the ‘Id’ in the space above this which represents the part of a human that is amoral (has no morality). The Id contains our wishes and instincts. Then at the top of the triangle was the ‘Ego’ which is the conscious part of a human that shows on the outside. A smaller space is taken up at the top by the ‘super-ego’ which is the set of moral controls that are given to us by outside influences. Freud explains that the super ego is often in conflict with the Id therefore our conscience, which is a construct of the mind, is shaped and influenced by our experiences. Jean Piaget a psychiatrist saw that a child’s moral development grows and the ability to reason morally depends on cognitive development. He suggested two stages which were later developed by Kohlberg. Heteronymous (other law) which a child is from the age of five to ten. The conscience is still immature and punishment is expected if a rule is broken. Autonomous (self law) is the next stage when a child reaches the age of 10 and over. At this age the child understands how rules operate in and help society, they are less dependent on moral authority Piaget down quite extensive research experiments on children by asking in which of two stories told to them the child was the naughtiest. His results showed that younger children evaluated the actions by the size of the outcome whereas the older children evaluated the stories through the intentions of the child. It is said that Piagets definition of morality is narrow. One of the reasons for this is that is becomes overly rational and disregards the function of morality in promoting human fulfilment. Kohlberg extended the stages to six and believed that the individual would have to follow them in sequence. The most important moral development occurs through social interactions. Fromm on the other hand had two approaches and didn’t think there was stages in moral development but saw that all humans are influenced by external authorities like parents, teachers and church leaders. He thought that a guilty conscience is a result of displeasing these authorities. The example of the Nazi government in Germany in the 1930’s was very successful about manipulating the conscience’s of its people to encourage them not to help the Jews. But that was his authoritarian approach and he had a humanistic approach. This was that our conscience is our real self and leads us to realise our full potential using our experiences not slavish obedience. It appears the conscience should take a large role in how we make moral decisions. However for both Secular and Religious views on the conscience we have seen that mistakes can be made. These mistakes are the products of wrong principles or bad nurturing as a child growing up or manipulations and bad influences. Therefore conscience should take a big role in making moral decisions but one should also consider the fact that they may be wrong and should compare the choice they want to make to another to see if one is greater.

Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Example

Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Example Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Air Pollution and Climatic Changes Essay Air pollution is really the add-on of any harmful substances to the ambiance. which causes the damaging of the environment. human wellness and the quality of life. Air pollution has been a serious job throughout the history. This can hold series consequence on the wellness of human existences. Every twenty-four hours. the mean individual inhales about 20. 000 litres of air. Every clip when we breathe in we inhale unsafe substances. These unsafe substances can be in the signifier of gases or atoms. Beginnings of Air pollution: Natural beginning Artificial beginning Natural beginnings: Natural air pollution does non happen in copiousness and besides possesses small menace to wellness of the peoples and ecosystem. Volcanic eruptions. Forest fires. Biological decay of organic affairs are some of the natural causes of air pollution. Artificial beginnings: The adult male made grounds for air pollution are vehicular emanation. combustion of waste merchandises. thermic power workss. industries and refineries. Vehicular emanations are responsible for 70 % of the country’s air pollution. * Bharat phase 1 to 4 emanation norms are emission criterions that focus on modulating pollutants released by cars. Most sulphur dioxide comes from power workss that use coal as their fuel. Automobiles produce about half of the N oxide. When wood. family refuse. plastic. or foliages are burned. they produce fume and release toxic gases. The fume contains bluess and solid compounds suspended in the air called particulate affair. The particulate affair and toxic gases released during combustion can be really annoying to people’s wellness. Peoples who are exposed to these air pollutants can see oculus and nose annoyance. take a breathing trouble. coughing. and concerns. Peoples with bosom disease. asthma. emphysema. or other respiratory diseases are particularly sensitive to air pollutants Major air pollutants: Sulphur oxide Nitrogen oxide Carbonmono oxide Decomposition of organic affairs. * India emits the 5th most C of any state in the universe. * The Bhopal gas calamity is one of the world’s worst industrial catastrophes that killed about 8. 000 people in December 1984. Air pollution can adversely impact human wellness non merely by direct inspiration but indirectly by other paths through H2O. nutrient and tegument infections. Health jeopardies due to air pollution: Cardio vascular diseases Asthma Bronchitis Allergies Lung and bosom diseases. Consequences of Air pollution: 1. Ozone bed depletion 2. Global heating ( Greenhouse consequence ) 3. Acid Rain 4. Smog Ozone bed depletion The ambiance contains a thin bed of ozone about 24 to 40 Km above earth’s surface which protects us from harmful ultraviolet beams of the Sun. The release of chemicals such as CFC widely used in iceboxs has damaged the ozone beds. Ozone monitoring Stationss in Antarctica have already detected mean loss of 30 % to 40 % of entire ozone over the part. Each one per centum loss of ozone is to do an addition of approximately 2 % in UV Radiation. This will cut down the unsusceptibility of the organic structure and cause oculus cataracts and skin malignant neoplastic disease. For the protection of ozone bed. Montreal protocol and Vienna meet of 30 states universe broad agreed to cut down the usage of Chlorofluorocarbons. Global heating Global heating is caused by addition of nursery gases such as carbon-di-oxide. methane. H2O vapor. Chlorofluorocarbons which are responsible for the heat keeping ability of the ambiance. The rapid addition in mean temperature of Earth will do major alterations in conditions form all over the universe. Rise in planetary temperature. will besides ensue in the thaw of polar ice caps glaciers. This in bend will raise the sea degree. Land usage alterations will happen in coastal countries due to sea degree rise. It will do harm to coastal constructions. station installations and H2O direction systems. Global heating besides affects the agricultural forms. Intense tropical cyclone activity has increased in the North Atlantic since about 1970 Heat moving ridges have become more frequent over most land countries. More intense and longer drouths have been observed over wider countries since the 1970s. peculiarly in the Torrid Zones and semitropicss If ocean temperature additions. growing of coral reefs will be affected. The corals control the proportion of C dioxide in H2O by turning them in to limestone shell. Furthermore. coral reefs grow in temperature merely above 10 degree Celsius. Other ecosystems such as woods and desert will besides be harmed. Loss of bio-diversity and extinction of rare species will happen. Acerb Rain: Acid rain was foremost discovered in 1852. This is one of the most of import environmental jobs. caused by indivisible gas given out by cars or coal combustion by power workss. The gases that cause the acid rain are sulphur- di-oxide and nitrogen oxides. Fire and bacterial decomposition are the natural causes which increases N oxide in air. These pollutants combine with H2O vapor in the presence of sunshine and O and signifiers dilute sulfuric and azotic acids. When these mixture precipitates from the ambiance. it is called acid rain. Acid rain falls down to the Earth in all signifiers of precipitation. Sourness in the rain can harm and even destruct both natural ecosystems and semisynthetic merchandises. Acid rains. when falling on oceans. make the coral reefs. This has killed more than 70 % of corals in Lakshadweep and Andaman islands. They besides change the sourness degree of the dirt by leaching important foods. Thus it affects forest flora. The most basic microscopic beings such as plankton may non be able to last. So the sea animate beings depending on planktons will decease and the nutrient concatenation will be affected. Smog: The word smog is a combination of the words fume and fog. Smog causes a smoky dark atmosphere. particularly over metropoliss. it decreases visibleness. and creates regards throughout the country. Smog is caused by many factors. major manufacturers of smog include cars. fires. waste intervention. industries. etc. The articulates present in smog include C monoxide. soil. dust. The smog consequence is created when sunshine. hydrocarbons. N oxide are assorted together smog creates harmful wellness jeopardies like lung failure and pneumonia. Smog is non merely a metropolis job. As smog degree additions. air current carry smog off from urban countries and injury other countries excessively. Agribusiness is besides affected by smog.

How to Conjugate Traverser (to Cross) in French

How to Conjugate Traverser (to Cross) in French The French verb  traverser  means to cross, as in to traverse something. That makes it a little easier to remember, though youll also need to know how to conjugate the verb. A short lesson will introduce you to the basic conjugations so you can use it in French to say things like I crossed or were crossing. The Basic Conjugations of  Traverser French students who have studied other verbs will recognize the conjugation patterns used for traverser. Thats because this is a regular -er verb, meaning it follows the most common pattern found in the French language. If you have studied words like penser (to think) or porter (to carry), the infinitive endings used here will look familiar. The most common conjugations are the imperative mood for the present, future, and imperfect past tenses. Using the chart, locate the correct conjugation by matching the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense for the subject. This will tell you which ending is added to the verb stem of  travers-. For example, I am crossing is  je traverse  and we crossed is  nous traversions Present Future Imperfect je traverse traverserai traversais tu traverses traverseras traversais il traverse traversera traversait nous traversons traverserons traversions vous traversez traverserez traversiez ils traversent traverseront traversaient The Present Participle of Traverser Adding an -ant ending to the stem of traverser gives you the present participle of traversant. Traverser  in the Compound Past Tense The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a compound past tense that is often used in French and you might find it easier than the imperfect. Thats because you only need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject, then attach the  past participle  traversà ©. The construction is rather easy. For example, I crossed is  jai traversà ©Ã‚  and we crossed is  nous avons traversà ©. Even though  avoir  is in the present tense, the past participle takes over the job of explaining that the action has already taken place. More Simple Conjugations of  Traverser There are a number of other conjugations of  traverser  and each has a different purpose, but were going to stick with the essentials for this lesson. As you expand your vocabulary, you might want to imply that the action of crossing may or may not happen. In that case, youll use the subjunctive. If, however, the crossing wont happen unless something else does, you can use the conditional.   On rare occasions, you might encounter the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive. While theyre not essential additions to your French vocabulary, they are good to know. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je traverse traverserais traversai traversasse tu traverses traverserais traversas traversasses il traverse traverserait traversa traverst nous traversions traverserions traversmes traversassions vous traversiez traverseriez traverstes traversassiez ils traversent traverseraient traversrent traversassent Lets suppose that you need to tell someone to Cross! in an emergency or some other situation that requires a quick, short command. In these instances, you can turn to the imperative  form of traverser. When using it, skip the subject pronoun and simply say, Traverse ! Imperative (tu) traverse (nous) traversons (vous) traversez

Leadership--Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership--Decision Making - Essay Example Their effectiveness is impeded by what a number of scholars see as an avoidance of risk encouraged in the initial period of their profession. Moreover, military leaders usually fail to completely or appropriately recognize the global or diplomatic consequences of their decisions. Military leaders could have influential memories of pleasures, anxieties, failures, or triumphs that they experienced. In most instances, these emotions were beneficial to them. They have their own interests at risk in the decisions they make and the actions they take. If these judgments influence only them, their emotions will aid them in arriving at the appropriate solution. However, when their own interests go against their duties, their decision can be lopsided. Introduction The negative ramifications of taking risks or committing errors alongside lack of awareness about military and political circumstances usually results in wrong decisions. Incorrect decisions can imply strategic failure. Wrong decisio ns by military leaders are not only caused by risk aversion or fear of mistakes, but also by emotional factors. ... This paper will discuss how risk aversion and emotion negatively affect military leaders’ judgment or decision making process. Strategic Decision Making The mission of ambitious strategic military leader at present will be to gain the skill of integrating productively, maybe even combine, the function of strategic diplomatic decision maker with the function of strategic military decision maker (Flowers, 2004). According to Friedman, â€Å"connectivity is productivity†¦ connection enables, disconnection enables† (Granger, 2002, 38); strategic leaders should build settings of regional security by facilitating the formation of democratic mechanisms of the relationship between the military and civilians (Granger, 2002). Hence, as the bound between the military leader and the policymaker becomes more and more intricate, strategic leaders should concentrate on building matching capabilities and an awareness of both their independent and collective duties in the process o f making decisions (Taylor & Rosenbach, 2000) for national security. Risk Evaluation, Assumption, and Aversion Groups of US military leaders are burgeoning without being empowered and with inadequate knowledge of how to evaluate and afterwards be equipped to assume risks for the realization of a military goal (Flowers, 2004). Hence, there is a weakening of the important principle which strengthens every military unit, that is, the audacity to take risks. Risk is defined by FM 100-14 as â€Å"the probability and severity of a potential loss that may result from hazards due to the presence of an enemy, an adversary, or some other hazardous condition† (Granger, 2002, 38). Risk assessment, assumption, and aversion,

Book reflection--Breath,eyes,memory( Edwidge Danticat,New York,1999) Essay - 1

Book reflection--Breath,eyes,memory( Edwidge Danticat,New York,1999) - Essay Example Breath Eyes Memory, a novel written by Edwidge Danticat, tells of a young, Sophie Caco, who matures up to be a woman as she was delimited by the Haitian culture. The story starts with Sophie who is aged six and living with her aunt Atie in Haiti. Born after her mother, Martine was sexually molested. Danticat puts together a narrative of a young woman of Haitian origin coming to terms with her mother, her nation, and her own identity. Sophie’s mother, Martine, leaves her behind with her aunt since she is trying to pull through from her problems. At only twelve, Sophie’s mother sends for her to come reside with her in America. Nonetheless Sophie refuses to go as her mother forced her to undergo a traditional virginity test. At18, Sophie falls in love with Joseph, a neighbor who is much older. Joseph is a musician whom Martine does not approve of. Consequently, Sophie is not able to forget the truth that her mother made her undergo the test and each time she sleeps with he r husband she likely remembers the testing. Martine and Sophie begin to work on their mother-daughter bond and problems they have faced all through their lives. The story however has a tragic ending leaving readers in suspense if Sophie learns to accept the bond with mother. At 12, she is to joins her mother as she moves from an impoverished town of Croix-des-Rosets to America to live with her. However there are hidden memories from Haiti buried away that afflict both Sophie and her alienated insomniac mother (Danticat, pg. 85). She uncovers hidden secrets no child ought to ever make out, that her mother is distraught from a rape ordeal that happened years ago. Later when Sophie is all grown up and has a family of her own, she realizes that her mother condition is worsening. Neither Sophie nor Martine can run away from the burden of the past, which ultimately leads to sexual trauma, bulimia, insomnia and mental torture